| News | |
| Kenya: second time in Kakuma camp Thailand: funding shortfall leads to education gaps Dominican Republic: police crackdown on peaceful demonstrators |
| Project Updates | |
| Ethiopia: building mental strength South Sudan: JRS involvement winds down as communities take over Democratic Republic of Congo: JRS schools provide hope |
| Voices | |
| Uganda: a long struggle |
| Campaigns | |
| Brazil: JRS helps trafficked migrants from Haiti Syria: JRS expands emergency support in Aleppo |
| Dispatches is a fortnightly e-mail bulletin of the JRS International Office. It features refugee news briefings, press releases, featured articles and project updates from our people in the field. |
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Kenya: second time in Kakuma camp
Kakuma, 30 August 2012 – Many South Sudanese are again being forced into displacement and returning for a second time to Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya, according to JRS field staff there. A recent report by the Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) backed JRS staff observations, putting daily arrivals into Kakuma at between 100 and 150, mostly from South Sudan. It seems that a percentage of these new arrivals are in fact returned refugees who had previously left the camp. "Areas of South Sudan are being bombed. Nobody is secure in these areas so we come back to Kakuma. There is hunger, because even if we plant our own food, there is no way we can grow it because of war", said one male refugee who lived in Kakuma from 2003–2008 before going home, only to return in May 2012. Only one year after South Sudan gained independence, conflict in Upper Nile and Unity states over the disputed border zone between Sudan and South Sudan, and tribal clashes in parts of South Sudan, are forcing refugees over the border to Kenya. Having left the camp with the hope of at last rebuilding their lives in their home country, these refugees have to face the crushing reality of a second period of displacement back where they started. Ethnic clashes. The reasons behind this second wave of returns are not all linked to the current military conflict at the Sudan-South Sudan border area, although this increasing insecurity plays a significant part. Many refugees are returning because continued inter-tribe conflicts in areas like Jonglei state have meant they have been unable to settle safely back home. Judith* arrived in Kakuma in 2004 and returned to South Sudan in 2008. Now in 2012, she is back in Kakuma along with the ten members of her family. "My place was destroyed [due to tribal conflict], there was nothing left. There was great insecurity because of the other tribes, hunger, no school. All members of my family wanted to go back to Kakuma and so we did. Here we are now", she said. The returned refugees are often suffering from a second wave of trauma and require intensive counselling and support when they arrive back in Kakuma. Having left once with hope and optimism, returning can be a difficult choice to make. Auralia* lived in Kakuma from 2003–2008 and then returned home to South Sudan with her husband and three children, hoping for a new start. However an opposing ethnic group attacked them and they had to flee once more. In flight, she lost her husband, who has tuberculosis and could not keep up with them. "We were running, running, running. They killed my parents and other relatives, I will never return to South Sudan", Auralia said. JRS has been working in Kakuma refugee camp since 1992 and provides a programme of psychosocial counselling and primary, secondary and tertiary education for refugees. Recently-arrived South Sudanese refugees were interviewed for this article during a JRS focus group session. *Not real name Katie Allan, Regional Communications Officer, JRS Eastern Africa Thailand: funding shortfall leads to education gaps
Mae Hong Son, 28 August 2012 – A funding pitfall in education for the Burmese refugees along the Thai border may negatively affect their preparedness to home. The focus of the international donor community is shifting from the camps towards Burma, and a lack of sufficient resources has forced organisations in the camps, such as the Jesuit Refugee Service, to make cutbacks to critical programmes. "It will be difficult for young people [to return to Burma] if they don't have an education", said Lee Reh* a Karenni student who has lived in to the camp since 2001. JRS hopes that support for education can be bolstered so that the school programmes, and students, do not suffer. Inside Burma, the Peace Donor Support Group, including the government of UK, Norway, Australia, EU, UN and World Bank, have offered a net total reaching nearly $500 million US to support peace building. Meanwhile, in the camps in Thailand, up to 25 per cent of funding for essential services may be cut, according to Burma Campaign UK (BCUK), a London-based advocacy and research organisation. The refugee community fears that it may lead to higher student dropout rates, premature return and less preparation for a durable solution. JRS partners with the Karenni Education Department (KnED) to implement education programs in two Mae Hong Son camps where the majority of the refugee population hails from eastern Burma's Kayah state. However, JRS has been unable to attain the full amount – roughly US $800,000, or 24 million baht – needed to maintain the programmes in 2012. JRS will struggle to stretch resources to cover the programme until the end of the year. Reviewing the secondary curriculum and staff recruitment have been suspended. "We feel sad because of budget cuts", said Khu Oo Reh, a refugee education official. Other sectors affected by funding shortages include support for basic humanitarian needs, such as food provision. Rations have been cut down to only 1,640 kcal per day per person – 22 percent less than the recommended 2,100 kcal required to meet international standards, according to the World Food Programme. The risks of return. An estimated 160,000 refugees remain in the camps, fearful that the decline in assistance will inevitably force them to return before the country is safe. "The government is trying to show the world the image that the country is changing into a democracy. It's not true. There are still murders and tortures, as well as rape cases, uncleared landmines and [other forms of] violence", Sha Reh, another student, told JRS. While a number of ceasefire agreements have been signed in the last year, based on past experiences, this is no guarantee of peace. In January 2012 the Karen National Union (KNU) signed an agreement with the Burma government but renewed fighting broke out in the east only a few days later. Similarly, in the northern Shan State, the rebel group, the Shan State Army was fired upon little over a week after signing a peace agreement at the end of January. The Burma military also refused to withdraw troops from agreed upon areas, according to local news sources. In addition, eastern and western areas are rife with landmines. Roughly five million people in ten out of Burma's 14 states and regions are exposed to landmine contamination, according to Geneva Call, an international mine ban advocacy organisation. This poses serious challenges for repatriation. "If repatriation does happen, the government will have to be ready to provide for people's welfare, such as housing, security, education, food, healthcare and safety assurance", Sha Reh added. Education as preparation. JRS education programmes in Mae Hong Son and Khun Yuam districts, ongoing since 1997, aim to prepare refugees for durable solutions. JRS provides basic education, teacher training, special education, school materials, vocational training and non-formal education to 5,200 students in Ban Mai Nai Soi and Ban Mae Surin from primary to secondary school. "Education is very important for our people. We need many skills because we're poor. Many people are illiterate", said Than Maung, a refugee teacher. JRS education and vocational training provide refugees with skills that will enable them to find good jobs later on, according to Than Maung. Similarly, in May, Aung San Suu Kyi spoke at the World Economic Forum in Bangkok and emphasised the importance of education that would allow young people to reach their potential. "What I'm afraid of is not so much joblessness as hopelessness", she said. In the camps, where people are trapped without freedom of movement, education provides hope for the future. Cutting back on assistance may push refugees back to Burma despite ongoing fighting and the risk of landmine contamination. "Education is really important for the students", said Khu Oo Reh. Without the legal right to leave the camps to find other schools or jobs, the funding shortages leave the refugees to face a difficult path ahead. "If there is no support for education, where will the students go to school?", Naw Kreh, a refugee education official asked. Refugees cannot adequately prepare for return if funding for education dries up, according to the Karenni refugee students. "Only education can provide for a nation. Darkness cannot drive out darkness", Naw Kreh added. To donate to JRS Thailand programmes, please click here. Sermsiri Ingavanija and Dana MacLean *Names have been changed to protect identity Dominican Republic: police crackdown on peaceful demonstrators
Santo Domingo, 14 August 2012 – Police in Monte Plata, a local council in the south of the Dominican Republic, yesterday cracked down on a group of young protestors peacefully demonstrating for their right to identity documents, the vote and participation in the society of birth. The 40 young people, all Dominicans of Haitian decent — and all members of the Reconoci.do movement who have been erroneously denied renewal of their identity documents by Dominican authorities — were participating in a march in a public park outside the civil registry office in Monte Plata when police began throwing tear gas canisters and arresting the protestors. According to Ana Maria Belique, one of the spokeswomen for the group, herself a Dominican of Haitian ancestry, days before the protest the group submitted a request to the governor of Monte Plata for permission to hold the demonstration in a public park outside of the office of civil registry. In the face of this unjust refusal the group decided to the march anyway. The members of the group have been found by various courts to merit recognition of the Dominican national identity and thus should have the right to fully exercise Dominican citizenship. After the protest began, a contingent of the Dominican police proceeded to attack demonstrators, dispersing the protestors with tear gas and arresting eight of their young leaders, while pursuing the rest through the streets of the community. Three of the detainees were beaten by a police officer known as 'Papo', a member of the anti-theft department. The police officer reportedly yelled racial insults at the victims while assaulting them, demanding that they never again demonstrate in "his country". After several hours of arbitrary detention, Fr Mario Serrano SJ, the director of the Jesuit Migration Service in the Dominican Republic, successfully negotiated their release. The Reconoci.do movement is made up of young people of Haitian descent who seek recognition of their Dominican nationality. The members, ranging in age from 10 to 40, were born in Dominican Republic before constitutional amendment in 2010, adopting new nationality requirements and ending the long tradition of granting citizenship to all born in the country. More than 120 of those arbitrarily denied access to national ID documents have been favoured with positive rulings in various courts. Court rulings have ordered the immediate issuance of their documents, orders with which the Central Electoral Board (JCE) has refused to comply. Learn more: Here I was Born: Stateless Dominicans Seek Recognition Ethiopia: building mental strength
Addis Ababa, 30 August 2012 – The importance of building mental strength and learning coping mechanisms during forced displacement was emphasised at a recent Jesuit Refugee Service life skills workshop in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The ability of refugees to face adverse situations with a positive attitude links closely to general wellbeing, employability and relationship building. "Life skills are important because they give children and adults more control over their lives", said JRS Project Director, Ms Hanna Petros, in her opening remarks. Organised by the JRS Refugee Community Centre (RCC), this new workshop targeted young urban refugees and asylum seekers who face numerous challenges as they try to rebuild their lives in an unfamiliar city. Psychological responses to the stress of the situation commonly include depression, irritability, an inability to concentrate, loss of self-confidence and absent mindedness. The workshop provided techniques and tools for how to effectively deal with such responses, and facilitated participatory group sharing sessions. A key focus of the four-day event was the teaching of relationship-building skills, a vital coping mechanism for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). Other topics covered included decision-making skills, creative and critical thinking, building self-esteem, personal leadership, and anger management. The participants, from countries such as Burundi, Congo, Eritrea and Somalia, declared the workshop a success and left with the resolve to integrate the techniques into their own lives. "In difficult circumstances, refugees demand help and hope, as well as a listening ear and a chance to voice concerns. It is hoped that by fostering internal strength refugees can gain a sense of normalcy and the confidence to keep on exploring and succeeding in life", said Ms Petros. JRS supports refugee adults and children through its Refugee Community Centre. This unique facility in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia is a haven for refugees and asylum seekers looking for a place to gain new skills, to socialise, and where their children can play freely. JRS has a wide programme of events, workshops and training courses to help build the capacity and the hopes and dreams of those who spend time at the RCC. Birkenesh Gobena, Community Service and Vocational Training Coordinator, Addis Ababa, JRS Ethiopia South Sudan: JRS involvement winds down as communities take over
South Sudan, 30 August 2012 – At the end of 2012, Jesuit Refugee Service will officially close the last of its four current projects in South Sudan, focused on education, pastoral accompaniment and peace building. The decision to exit from these successful projects was made in line with the JRS mandate of attending to the needs of the forcibly displaced in situations of great need. Now that returnees, largely from refugee camps in Uganda, have settled and benefited from JRS work, the time has come to hand over ownership of the projects to the local communities. As the projects close, the process is underway to discern how best JRS can respond to the unfolding refugee crisis in other parts of the country. JRS started working in South Sudan in 1987 in Nimule, assisting people internally displaced by the civil war. Coordinated by the Juba country office, further projects followed in Kajo Keji and Lobone in 2001, and Yei in 2004. During the war many people fled the country to Uganda, and as peace dawned JRS expanded its work and adapted projects to respond to the needs of the refugees as they returned home, accompanying and serving them as they started to rebuild their lives. Robust and sustainable systems. JRS believes that timely withdrawal from a project is as important as addressing the initial need. One year on from the birth of South Sudan as an independent nation, the areas where JRS is working are stable and developing. The schools we have constructed and rehabilitated are doing well. The education systems JRS helped put in place are robust and sustainable, and our teacher training programme has had a very positive impact on the quality of education in the schools. Adult literacy rates have increased for both women and men, communities have come together in peace building efforts, and a huge network of JRS peace clubs has been established. Many new catechists have been trained and local church groups have benefited from vocational skills training. For JRS, the time has come to leave, safe in the knowledge that the foundations are there for continued growth, learning and success. The first projects to close will be Lobone and Nimule at the end of August. Closing ceremonies for both will mark the occasion and celebrate the successes. Kajo Keji and Yei will close at the end of 2012. JRS will document the lessons learned and the successes in a commemorative newsletter focusing on education in South Sudan. This will be published in early 2013. For now, it remains for me to say a heartfelt thank you to all beneficiaries, donors, partners, staff and volunteers as we progress through this period of closure and reflect on the many positive achievements of JRS South Sudan. Fr Deogratias Rwezaura SJ, JRS Eastern Africa Regional Director
Democratic Republic of Congo: JRS schools provide hope
Kaputa, Zambia, 7 August 2012 — Funding from the US Department of State's Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration enabled the Jesuit Refugee Service to build 14 schools in the Democratic Republic of Congo, thus furthering the education of up to five thousand students. The Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is larger in area than the state of California. The southeast portion of Katanga borders Zambia, and it is along this border area – north of Mansa, south of Lake Tanganyka – that the Jesuit Refugee Service built these schools. "Most of the beneficiaries of the schools were refugees in Zambia", said project director Fr Cyprien Kmengwa. The Congolese had fled into Zambia to escape heavy fighting that raged throughout much of the late 1990s and early 2000s. "The refugees began to return to Katanga in 2008, it was a voluntary repatriation that lasted until 2010. Nearly 40,000 have returned, with about 30,000 returning to this area", said Fr Cyprien. JRS constructed schools in 14 different communities, with one school rising in each community. Each school consists of six to 10 classrooms, depending on the size of the community. "With 300 to 400 students in each school, that's about 4,000 to 5,000 children getting an education now", Fr Cyprien explained. Over the course of the last three years Jesuit Refugee Service USA was awarded cooperative agreements from the Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration, and Jesuit Refugee Service Southern Africa has been able to successfully implement them in the field. Delphen Kyrpekalombe was the senior bricklayer at the school in Musosa. He said it took five masons and five assistants, and five carpenters for the roof, seven months to build the school. "I'm happy to accomplish this. The community is very happy" said Mr Kyrpekalombe. The headmaster at the school in Nkuntauna said his community echoed those feelings. "The community is very pleased. Before this school, there was a poorly built, unfit school. There were no windows and it had a dirt floor, with no benches for the students to sit on. Thank you for the [new] school. Children are getting more from this school", said Kizabi Kambala.Headmaster Kambala added that at his new school they have eight teachers for the 320 students in the primary school and the 150 students in the secondary school. The school is multipurpose, with the primary students attending in the morning and the secondary students attending in the afternoon. There are so many students now attending Nkuntauna, Mr Kambala said, that they need another building. "We targeted these communities for schools based on the number of returnees. We wanted to encourage people to return to the areas they were originally from, to avoid overcrowding in areas that may have been more attractive due to existing infrastructure. We wanted to improve infrastructure in these more isolated areas, especially the schools. Also, we heard from the local church that these locations needed schools", said Fr Cyprien. Although the education system in the Congo is officially administered by three different government ministries, the Catholic Church effectively runs most of the schools. "Once the school is built and commissioned, we turn it over to local authorities. The local communities will run these schools, although administratively they are under the dioceses. We've had a strong commitment from the Archbishop to see the schools are maintained", said Fr Cyprien. "I think it's a good benefit for the communities to run the schools, especially as the children will be able to go to school in their own community, they won't have to move to another village. That is both costly for the family and it is unsafe for the children to be away from their parents. When you have a school in your community, the children will have access for a long time, and they can remain and take part in their own community", said Fr Cyprien. The distances in northern Zambia and Katanga province are vast, and the roads make the distances feel even greater. A team visiting from Jesuit Refugee Service USA and JRS Southern Africa discovered this the bumpy way while driving eight hours to cover about 200km recently. "We had a lot of challenges to build these schools", said Fr Cyprien."Congo is a big country, but has poor infrastructure. The roads and bridges are bad or non-existent. Moba is a bigger (city) and we had to go there to buy many of our building materials, and then had to transport it to this area. To transport the material to the location was quite a big challenge. As you experienced, we spend two to three days on the road in passenger vehicles driving here, now imagine you are in a truck loaded with cement and other things, it takes at least a week", he said, shaking his head. "It was quite a challenge, but also a good experience. We saw a canal without a bridge, and decided to build a bridge to both help get our supplies in but then to also serve the local community for years to come. Before the bridge, they would have to carry their bicycles on their heads to get across", Fr Cyprien said. "The programme has been very successful. In all the locations we have been able to bring new schools. The buildings are strong and will be there for at least the next 20 years", he said. "Please give thanks to the people who have generously donated the money for this, the American people. What we have done we have done it with their help, and God bless them for their generosity", Fr Cyprien said. Uganda: a long struggle
Juba, 30 August 2012 – My name is Reuben* and I'm a former refugee, now living back in my home country, South Sudan. I want to share my story about the support JRS provided me over the years. In 1994, aged just six years old, I fled with my mother from southern Sudan to Adjumani, Uganda as we tried to escape the terrible war. On arrival in Uganda, the government policy was to place Sudanese refugees in camps. We were sent to Maaji camp, Adjumani District. In some ways life in Adjumani was good. We had free movement without restriction, healthcare, food provided by the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) and the World Food Programme (WFP), and of course we were safe from the ravages of war. However, life in the camp also had its downsides. It was a struggle to pay my primary school fees. I felt I had no political voice, and watched various friends being forcibly taken to join the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). There was limited land for us refugees to do subsistence farming, and there were very few jobs. In addition, women in the camp feared attacks and rape from some Ugandan citizens. Despite the challenges over the years, I was lucky enough to receive educational support from JRS. I was sponsored throughout my entire secondary school education, and also received educational materials. JRS support has greatly helped my progress in life and ensured that my time in the camp was not wasted. It has made me into the responsible person I am today. In 2008, I received the good news that I would be repatriated to southern Sudan by UNCHR. Although by this point I was an orphan as my mother had died, I felt strong and confident – this is in no small part linked to the education I had received from JRS. On my return to southern Sudan, I gained a certificate in medical laboratory work and I am now proud to say that I am working as a technician in a hospital – able to support my young sister and brother. I also try to be involved in community activities in my area, such as advising young people about HIV and AIDS awareness and the advantages of education. My advice to refugees living in camps is to make use of the services offered by NGOs and not waste time there. Be the doctor of yourself – by that I mean, constantly refer to your dreams for the future and never lose hope. I wanted to share this message of love to inspire other refugees and share how I struggled. My dream for the future is to support my community to build an orphanage, a health centre and possibly a church. I would also like to support community agricultural activities and continue with further studies. JRS worked in Adjumani, Uganda from 1992–2008, supporting thousands of Sudanese refugees to pursue their education while in the camp. After the war ended, most refugees were repatriated back to Sudan to re-build their lives. *Not real name Brazil: JRS helps trafficked migrants from Haiti
Tabatinga, 28 August 2012 — From January to July this year, about 2,000 trafficked migrants from Haiti stranded in the Brazilian border town of Tabatinga received emergency humanitarian assistance, thanks to the solidarity of several organisations, religious congregations and Jesuit institutions both in Latin America and around the world. After a July of 2011 visit to Tabatinga, which borders both Peru and Colombia in Brazil's northwest Amazon rainforest, Jesuit Refugee Service Latin America and Caribbean (JRS LAC) produced a report warning about the difficult humanitarian situation facing Haitians in this isolated area. At the same time, JRS LAC initiated, in cooperation with the Brazilian Diocese of Alto Solimões and the Jesuit Province of the Amazon, several projects oriented towards the pastoral and humanitarian care of the Haitians, who were forced to flee their country following the earthquake on 12 January 2010. Within the framework of these projects, a community restaurant was built to provide food to the migrants twice a day. Financial support was provided to families with children, allowing families to rent homes. Both JRS and the government of Brazil provided aid to these stranded Haitians to pay their travel by boat to Manaus, to allow them to register for humanitarian residency documents, thus enabling them to start the normalisation of their legal status in Brazil. These programmes allowed JRS to mitigate the humanitarian crisis in Tabatinga and support better living conditions and job opportunities in Manaus, the capital of Brazil's Amanzonas state, for the displaced and trafficked Haitians now living in Tabatinga. The Brazilian government decided to regularise 'for humanitarian reasons' all Haitian citizens who had entered their territory before 12 January 2012. At the beginning of April, the government also granted amnesty to 363 Haitians who had been stranded in Tabatinga and extended the right to enter Brazil under the same humanitarian visa to another 245 Haitian displaced who had been stuck in Iñapari, a Peruvian city bordering Brazil on the Acre River. However, since May, the Brazilian authorities have closed their borders in the Amazon and the Rio Acre, where hundreds of Haitians remain stranded. Due to the shortage of funds, the pastoral care of the Diocese of Alto Solimões and JRS LAC are focusing on providing food to migrants in Tabatinga. Wooldy Edson Louidor, Jesuit Refugee Service Latin America and Caribbean Read an earlier story about Haitians in Brazil by clicking here. Syria: JRS expands emergency support in Aleppo
Amman, 25 August 2012 – Over the past three weeks, fighting has intensified in the northern city of Aleppo. Despite the difficulty to access the city, JRS teams – in conjunction with volunteer networks of solidarity – have continued to provide emergency support to the many thousands of displaced families. To date, JRS is responsible for 11 schools which shelters 6,500 people from Aleppo, an increase of 4,500 in little over two weeks. This is in addition to the 8,000 displaced people from Homs and Idlib who have been receiving assistance from JRS and its local partner networks for several weeks. Aleppo. In an attempt to meet the rising demand for food supplies, a field kitchen has been established in Aleppo. One kitchen has the capacity to feed five to seven thousand persons per day. The food is prepared and distributed in vats to distribution centres, schools and mosques where people gather to eat. Although it is such a large-scale operation, it is an efficient and hygienic system – the cooking utensils used are made of chrome and all vegetables are disinfected and sterilised before being cooked. The JRS centre in Midan, Deir Vartan, remains open for administrative purposes, but all activities have been moved to a different location nearer to the Jesuit residence. Communication lines with Aleppo are intermittent at best, with telephone and internet access regularly being cut. Electricity shortages are still a daily occurrence. The level of destruction in Aleppo means that there are very few safe places for displaced persons to take refuge. At the moment, temporary shelter is available in schools that were opened by the authorities. However, this is not a permanent solution, and those taking shelter in them remain vulnerable to further violence. Although the Red Crescent has provided some food supplies, they are not able to secure the delivery of the supplies to areas where people are most in need. Damascus. Violence also continues in the capital, with bombing and fighting taking place in some neighbourhoods. JRS has continued to provide food-baskets and rental assistance to displaced families. Levels of fear and stress are high amongst the civilian population. Children's activities, which include psychosocial elements to help them cope, are being carried out in schools that have been opened to help shelter the displaced. JRS in Damascus has welcomed several Christian Iraqi families who had attended JRS activities at Deir Vartan, Aleppo. These families had fled from Aleppo to Damascus. Homs. Activities for 800 children are currently on-going. Since the last update, the number of people residing just outside of Homs at the Jesuit Al Ard Centre has decreased to 50. They receive food and shelter, with recreational, psychosocial and educational activities being run for the children. The security situation around the centre is becoming hazardous with rockets recently reaching the property, and limited access to Al Ard by road. How you can help?
Lebanon. Most services are being provided by local organisations. JRS is currently monitoring the situation. Turkey. Syrian refugees are in camps close to the borders, but to date no NGOs have been granted access to them. To see photos of our activities you can visit the JRS Aleppo and network of volunteers facebook page here:www.facebook.com/Aleppo.Family.Volunteers/ or the JRS Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/JesuitRefugeeService To help support the JRS emergency project, visit https://www.jrs.net/donate |
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| JRS DISPATCHES is sent from the International Office of the Jesuit Refugee Service, 00193 Roma Prati, Italy. Tel: +39 06 69 868 468; fax: +39 06 69 868 461; email: dispatches.editor@jrs.net; JRS online: http://www.jrs.net; Publisher: Peter Balleis SJ; Editor: James Stapleton; Translation: Carles Casals (Spanish), Edith Castel (French), Simonetta Russo (Italian). Dispatches No. 323 Editor: James Stapleton |
